It usually starts with a report. The inspector lists the welds that don't meet the detail, with a note on what's wrong with each. On a steel job the general contractor calls in that inspector. How the inspection runs is on the page on structural welding, so here we start where the report ends.
Often that inspector is AWS-certified for the job. The AWS page on what a Certified Welding Inspector does lists what it takes. Three exams, a vision test, and the right mix of education and experience. So the report in your hand comes from someone who knows the code well.
To start a repair, we need the report, the drawings with the weld details, the location and your schedule. The report tells us which welds failed and why, down to the defect the inspector found in each. That decides whether a weld comes out completely or only needs building up, so it shapes the whole estimate.